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<title>Spatial database</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spatial database</span></span>

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<p>A <b>spatial database</b> is a general-purpose <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> (usually a <a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a>) that has been enhanced to include <a href="Spatial_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial data">spatial data</a> that represents objects defined in a <a href="Space" title="Space">geometric space</a>, along with tools for <a href="Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">querying</a> and analyzing such data.

</p><p>Most spatial databases allow the representation of simple geometric objects such as <a href="Point_(geometry)" title="Point (geometry)">points</a>, <a href="Line_(geometry)" title="Line (geometry)">lines</a> and <a href="Polygon" title="Polygon">polygons</a>. Some spatial databases handle more complex structures such as <a href="Solid_geometry" title="Solid geometry">3D objects</a>, <a href="Coverage_data" title="Coverage data">topological coverages</a>, linear networks, and <a href="Triangulated_irregular_network" title="Triangulated irregular network">triangulated irregular networks</a> (TINs). While typical databases have developed to manage various numeric and character <a href="Data_type" title="Data type">types of data</a>, such databases require additional functionality to process spatial data types efficiently, and developers have often added <i>geometry</i> or <i>feature</i> data types.

</p><p><b>Geographic database</b> (or <b>geodatabase</b>) is a <a href="Georeferenced" class="mw-redirect" title="Georeferenced">georeferenced</a> spatial database, used for storing and manipulating <a href="Geographic_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic data">geographic data</a> (or geodata, i.e., data associated with a location on Earth),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in <a href="Geographic_information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic information systems">geographic information systems</a> (GIS). Almost all current relational and object-relational database management systems now have spatial extensions, and some GIS software vendors have developed their own spatial extensions to database management systems.

</p><p>The <a href="Open_Geospatial_Consortium" title="Open Geospatial Consortium">Open Geospatial Consortium</a> (OGC) developed the <i><a href="Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">Simple Features</a></i> specification (first released in 1997)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sets standards for adding spatial functionality to database systems.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>SQL/MM Spatial</i> ISO/IEC standard is a part of the structured query language and multimedia standard extending the Simple Features.<sup id="cite_ref-Kresse2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kresse2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

<p>The core functionality added by a spatial extension to a database is one or more <i>spatial datatypes</i>, which allow for the storage of spatial data as attribute values in a table.<sup id="cite_ref-GISTBOK_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GISTBOK-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most commonly, a single spatial value would be a <a href="Geometric_primitive" title="Geometric primitive">geometric primitive</a> (point, line, polygon, etc.) based on the <a href="Data_model_(GIS)#Vector_data_model" title="Data model (GIS)">vector data model</a>. The datatypes in most spatial databases are based on the OGC <a href="Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">Simple Features</a> specification for representing geometric primitives. Some spatial databases also support the storage of <a href="Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster data</a>. Because all geographic locations must be specified according to a <a href="Spatial_reference_system" title="Spatial reference system">spatial reference system</a>, spatial databases must also allow for the tracking and transformation of coordinate systems. In many systems, when a spatial column is defined in a table, it also includes a choice of coordinate system, chosen from a list of available systems that is stored in a lookup table.

</p><p>The second major functionality extension in a spatial database is the addition of spatial capabilities to the query language (e.g., <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>); these give the spatial database the same <a href="Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis"> query, analysis, and manipulation operations</a> that are available in traditional GIS software. In most relational database management systems, this functionality is implemented as a set of new functions that can be used in SQL SELECT statements. Several types of operations are specified by the <a href="Open_Geospatial_Consortium" title="Open Geospatial Consortium">Open Geospatial Consortium</a> standard:

</p>

<ul><li>Measurement: Computes line length, polygon area, the distance between geometries, etc.</li>

<li>Geoprocessing: Modify existing features to create new ones, for example by creating a buffer around them, intersecting features, etc.</li>

<li>Predicates: Allows true/false queries about spatial relationships between geometries. Examples include "do two polygons overlap?" or 'is there a residence located within a mile of the area we are planning to build the landfill?' (see <a href="DE-9IM" title="DE-9IM">DE-9IM</a>)</li>

<li>Geometry Constructors: Creates new geometries, usually by specifying the vertices (points or nodes) which define the shape.</li>

<li>Observer Functions: Queries that return specific information about a feature, such as the location of the center of a circle.</li></ul>

<p>Some databases support only simplified or modified sets of these operations, especially in cases of <a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a> systems like <a href="MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a> and <a href="CouchDB" class="mw-redirect" title="CouchDB">CouchDB</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spatial_index">Spatial index</h2></div>

<p>A <b>spatial index</b> is used by a spatial database to optimize <a href="Spatial_query" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial query">spatial queries</a>, implementing spatial access methods. Database systems use indices to quickly look up values by sorting data values in a linear (e.g. alphabetical) order; however, this way of indexing data is not optimal for <a href="Spatial_query" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial query">spatial queries</a> in two- or three-dimensional space. Instead, spatial databases use a <i>spatial</i> index designed specifically for multi-dimensional ordering.<sup id="cite_ref-GISTBOK_indexing_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GISTBOK_indexing-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common spatial index methods include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Binary_space_partitioning" title="Binary space partitioning">Binary space partitioning</a> (BSP-Tree): Subdividing space by hyperplanes.</li>

<li><a href="Bounding_volume_hierarchy" title="Bounding volume hierarchy">Bounding volume hierarchy</a> (BVH)</li>

<li><a href="Geohash" title="Geohash">Geohash</a></li>

<li><a href="Grid_(spatial_index)" title="Grid (spatial index)">Grid (spatial index)</a></li>

<li><a href="HHCode" title="HHCode">HHCode</a></li>

<li><a href="Hilbert_R-tree" title="Hilbert R-tree">Hilbert R-tree</a></li>

<li><a href="M-tree" title="M-tree">m-tree</a> – an m-tree index can be used for the efficient resolution of similarity queries on complex objects as compared using an arbitrary metric.</li>

<li><a href="Octree" title="Octree">Octree</a></li>

<li><a href="Quadtree" title="Quadtree">Quadtree</a></li>

<li><a href="R-tree" title="R-tree">R-tree</a>: Typically the preferred method for indexing spatial data.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objects (shapes, lines and points) are grouped using the <a href="Minimum_bounding_rectangle" title="Minimum bounding rectangle">minimum bounding rectangle</a> (MBR). Objects are added to an MBR within the index that will lead to the smallest increase in its size.</li>

<li><a href="Z-order_(curve)" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-order (curve)">Z-order (curve)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spatial_query">Spatial query</h2></div>

<p>A <b>spatial query</b> is a special type of <a href="Database_query" class="mw-redirect" title="Database query">database query</a> supported by spatial databases, including geodatabases. The queries differ from non-spatial <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> queries in several important ways. Two of the most important are that they allow for the use of geometry data types such as points, lines and polygons and that these queries consider the spatial relationship between these geometries.

</p><p>The function names for queries differ across geodatabases. The following are a few of the functions built into <a href="PostGIS" title="PostGIS">PostGIS</a>, a free geodatabase which is a PostgreSQL extension (the term 'geometry' refers to a point, line, box or other two or three dimensional shape):<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Function prototype: <i>functionName (parameter(s)) : return type </i>

</p>

<ul><li>ST_Distance(geometry, geometry) : number</li>

<li>ST_Equals(geometry, geometry) : boolean</li>

<li>ST_Disjoint(geometry, geometry) : boolean</li>

<li>ST_Intersects(geometry, geometry) : boolean</li>

<li>ST_Touches(geometry, geometry) : boolean</li>

<li>ST_Crosses(geometry, geometry) : boolean</li>

<li>ST_Overlaps(geometry, geometry) : boolean</li>

<li>ST_Contains(geometry, geometry) : boolean</li>

<li>ST_Length(geometry) : number</li>

<li>ST_Area(geometry) : number</li>

<li>ST_<a href="Centroid" title="Centroid">Centroid</a>(geometry) : geometry</li>

<li>ST_Intersection(geometry, geometry) : geometry</li></ul>

<p>Thus, a <a href="Spatial_join" title="Spatial join">spatial join</a> between a points layer of cities and a polygon layer of countries could be performed in a spatially-extended SQL statement as:

</p><p><code>SELECT * FROM cities, countries WHERE ST_Contains(countries.shape, cities.shape)</code>

</p><p>The Intersect <a href="Vector_overlay" title="Vector overlay">vector overlay</a> operation (a core element of GIS software) could be replicated as:

</p><p><code>SELECT ST_Intersection(veg.shape, soil.shape) int_poly, veg.*, soil.* FROM veg, soil where ST_Intersects(veg.shape, soil.shape)</code>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spatial_database_management_systems">Spatial database management systems</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a href="AllegroGraph" title="AllegroGraph">AllegroGraph</a> – a <a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph database</a> which provides a mechanism for efficient storage and retrieval of two-dimensional geospatial coordinates for <a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">Resource Description Framework</a> data. It includes an extension syntax for <a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a> queries.</li>

<li><a href="ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a> - a multi-model database which provides geoindexing capability.</li>

<li><a href="Apache_Drill" title="Apache Drill">Apache Drill</a> - A MPP SQL query engine for querying large datasets. Drill supports spatial data types and functions <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to PostgreSQL.</li>

<li>Esri <a href="Geodatabase_(Esri)" title="Geodatabase (Esri)">Geodatabase</a> (Enterprise, Mobile) - a proprietary spatial database structure and logical model that can be implemented on several relational databases, both commercial (Oracle, MS SQL Server, Db2) and open source (PostgreSQL, SQLite)</li>

<li><a href="Caliper_Corporation" title="Caliper Corporation">Caliper</a> extends the Raima Data Manager with spatial datatypes, functions, and utilities.</li>

<li><a href="CouchDB" class="mw-redirect" title="CouchDB">CouchDB</a> a document-based database system that can be spatially enabled by a plugin called Geocouch</li>

<li><a href="Elasticsearch" title="Elasticsearch">Elasticsearch</a> is a document-based database system that supports two types of geo data: geo_point fields which support lat/lon pairs, and geo_shape fields, which support points, lines, circles, polygons, multi-polygons, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="GeoMesa" title="GeoMesa">GeoMesa</a> is a cloud-based spatio-temporal database built on top of <a href="Apache_Accumulo" title="Apache Accumulo">Apache Accumulo</a> and <a href="Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Apache Hadoop</a> (also supports <a href="Apache_HBase" title="Apache HBase">Apache HBase</a>, <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a> <a href="Bigtable" title="Bigtable">Bigtable</a>, <a href="Apache_Cassandra" title="Apache Cassandra">Apache Cassandra</a>, and <a href="Apache_Kafka" title="Apache Kafka">Apache Kafka</a>). GeoMesa supports full OGC <a href="Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">Simple Features</a> and a GeoServer plugin.</li>

<li><a href="H2_(DBMS)" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 (DBMS)">H2</a> supports geometry types<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spatial indices<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of version 1.3.173 (2013-07-28). An extension called H2GIS available on Maven Central gives full OGC <a href="Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">Simple Features</a> support.</li>

<li>Any edition of <a href="IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a> can be spatially-enabled to implement the OpenGIS spatial functionality with SQL spatial types and functions.</li>

<li><a href="IBM_Informix" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Informix">IBM Informix</a> Geodetic and Spatial datablade extensions auto-install on use and expand Informix's datatypes to include multiple standard coordinate systems and support for RTree indexes. Geodetic and Spatial data can also be incorporated with Informix's Timeseries data support for tracking objects in motion over time.</li>

<li><a href="Linter_SQL_RDBMS" title="Linter SQL RDBMS">Linter SQL Server</a> supports spatial types and spatial functions according to the OpenGIS specifications.</li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a> has support for spatial types since version 2008</li>

<li><a href="MonetDB#GIS" title="MonetDB">MonetDB/GIS</a> extension for <a href="MonetDB" title="MonetDB">MonetDB</a> adds OGS Simple Features to the relational <a href="Column-oriented_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented database">column-store</a> database.<sup id="cite_ref-gis_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> DBMS implements the datatype <i>geometry</i>, plus some spatial functions implemented according to the OpenGIS specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in MySQL version 5.5 and earlier, functions that test spatial relationships are limited to working with minimum bounding rectangles rather than the actual geometries. MySQL versions earlier than 5.0.16 only supported spatial data in MyISAM tables. As of MySQL 5.0.16, InnoDB, NDB, BDB, and ARCHIVE also support spatial features.</li>

<li><a href="Neo4j" title="Neo4j">Neo4j</a> – a <a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph database</a> that can build 1D and 2D indexes as <a href="B-tree" title="B-tree">B-tree</a>, <a href="Quadtree" title="Quadtree">Quadtree</a> and <a href="Hilbert_curve" title="Hilbert curve">Hilbert curve</a> directly in the <a href="Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">OpenLink Virtuoso</a> has supported SQL/MM since version 6.01.3126,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with significant enhancements including <a href="GeoSPARQL" title="GeoSPARQL">GeoSPARQL</a> in Open Source Edition 7.2.6, and in Enterprise Edition 8.2.0<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_Spatial" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle Spatial">Oracle Spatial</a></li>

<li><a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> DBMS (database management system) uses the extension <a href="PostGIS" title="PostGIS">PostGIS</a> to implement OGC-compliant <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spatial functionality, including standardized datatype <i>geometry</i> and corresponding functions.</li>

<li><a href="Redis" title="Redis">Redis</a> with the Geo API.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="RethinkDB" title="RethinkDB">RethinkDB</a> supports geospatial indexes in 2D.</li>

<li><a href="SAP_HANA" title="SAP HANA">SAP HANA</a> supports geospatial with SPS08.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Smallworld" title="Smallworld">Smallworld</a> <a href="VMDS" title="VMDS">VMDS</a>, the native GE <a href="Smallworld" title="Smallworld">Smallworld</a> GIS database</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mireo.com/spacetime">SpaceTime</a> is a commercial spatiotemporal database built on top of the proprietary multidimensional index similar to the <a href="K-d_tree" title="K-d tree"><i>k</i>-d tree</a> family, but created using the bottom-up approach and adapted to particular space-time distribution of data.</li>

<li><a href="Spatial_Query_Server" title="Spatial Query Server">Spatial Query Server</a> from <a href="Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> spatially enables Sybase ASE.</li>

<li><a href="SpatiaLite" title="SpatiaLite">SpatiaLite</a> extends <a href="Sqlite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sqlite">Sqlite</a> with spatial datatypes, functions, and utilities.</li>

<li><a href="Tarantool" title="Tarantool">Tarantool</a> supports geospatial queries with RTREE index.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Teradata_Geospatial" class="mw-redirect" title="Teradata Geospatial">Teradata Geospatial</a> includes 2D spatial functionality (OGC-compliant) in its data warehouse system.</li>

<li><a href="Vertica" title="Vertica">Vertica Place</a>, the geo-spatial extension for <a href="HP_Information_Management_Software#HP_Vertica" title="HP Information Management Software">HP Vertica</a>, adds OGC-compliant spatial features to the relational <a href="Column-oriented_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented database">column-store</a> database.<sup id="cite_ref-verticaplace_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verticaplace-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_free_systems_especially_for_spatial_data_processing">Table of free systems especially for spatial data processing</h3></div>

<th>License</th>

<th>Distributed</th>

<th>Spatial objects</th>

<th>Spatial functions</th>

<th><a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> interface</th>

<th>UMN <a href="MapServer" title="MapServer">MapServer</a> interface</th>

<th>Documentation</th>

<th>Modifiable</th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Apache_Drill" title="Apache Drill">Apache Drill</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a>

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>yes - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drill.apache.org/docs/gis-functions/">Drill Geospatial Functions Documentation</a>

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>Official <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drill.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>yes

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a>

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>yes - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arangodb.com/community-server/geojson-support-geospatial-queries/">capabilities overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arangodb.com/docs/stable/aql/functions-geo.html">query language functions</a>

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>official <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arangodb.com/docs/stable/aql/functions-geo.html">documentation</a>

</td>

<td>AQL

</td>

<td>no

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left"><a href="GeoMesa" title="GeoMesa">GeoMesa</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> 2.0

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>yes (<a href="Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">Simple Features</a>)

</td>

<td>yes (<a href="JTS_Topology_Suite" title="JTS Topology Suite">JTS</a>)

</td>

<td>no (manufacturable with <a href="GeoTools" title="GeoTools">GeoTools</a>)

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>parts of the functions, a few examples

</td>

<td>with <a href="Simple_Feature_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple Feature Access">Simple Feature Access</a> in <a href="Java_Virtual_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Virtual Machine">Java Virtual Machine</a> and <a href="Apache_Spark" title="Apache Spark">Apache Spark</a> are all kinds of tasks solvable

</td>

<td>yes

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left"><a href="H2_(DBMS)" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 (DBMS)">H2</a> (H2GIS)

</td>

<td><a href="LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a> 3 (since v1.3), <a href="GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a> 3 before

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>yes (custom, no raster)

</td>

<td><a href="Simple_Feature_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple Feature Access">Simple Feature Access</a> and custom functions for H2Network

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>yes (homepage)

</td>

<td>SQL

</td>

<td>no

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Ingres_(database)" title="Ingres (database)">Ingres</a>

</td>

<td><a href="GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a> or proprietary

</td>

<td>yes (if extension is installed)

</td>

<td>yes (custom, no raster)

</td>

<td>Geometry Engine, Open Source<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>with MapScript

</td>

<td>just briefly

</td>

<td>with C and OME

</td>

<td>no

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Neo4j" title="Neo4j">Neo4J</a>-spatial<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>GNU affero general public license

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>yes (<a href="Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">Simple Features</a>)

</td>

<td>yes (contain, cover, covered by, cross, disjoint, intersect, intersect window, overlap, touch, within and within distance)

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>just briefly

</td>

</td>

<td>no

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left"><a href="PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> with <a href="PostGIS" title="PostGIS">PostGIS</a>

</td>

<td><a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>yes (<a href="Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">Simple Features</a> and raster)

</td>

<td>yes (<a href="Simple_Feature_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple Feature Access">Simple Feature Access</a> and raster functions)

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>detailed

</td>

<td>SQL, in connection with <a href="R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a>

</td>

<td>no

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Postgres-XL" title="Postgres-XL">Postgres-XL</a> with <a href="PostGIS" title="PostGIS">PostGIS</a>

</td>

<td>Mozilla public license and GNU general public license

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>yes (<a href="Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">Simple Features</a> and raster)

</td>

<td>yes (<a href="Simple_Feature_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple Feature Access">Simple Feature Access</a> and raster functions)

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>PostGIS: yes, Postgres-XL: briefly

</td>

<td>SQL, in connection with <a href="R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> or <a href="Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a> or <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>

</td>

<td>no

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:left"><a href="Rasdaman" title="Rasdaman">Rasdaman</a>

</td>

<td>server <a href="GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>, client <a href="LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a>, enterprise proprietary

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>just raster

</td>

<td>raster manipulation with rasql

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>with <a href="Web_Coverage_Service" title="Web Coverage Service">Web Coverage Service</a> or <a href="Web_Processing_Service" title="Web Processing Service">Web Processing Service</a>

</td>

<td>detailed wiki

</td>

<td>own defined function in enterprise edition

</td>

<td>no

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="RethinkDB" title="RethinkDB">RethinkDB</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>yes

</td>

<td>

<ul><li>distance</li>

<li>getIntersecting</li>

<li>getNearest</li>

<li>includes</li>

<li>intersects</li></ul>

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>no

</td>

<td>official documentation<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>forking

</td>

<td>no

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a> (GIS)</li>

<li><a href="GeoSPARQL" title="GeoSPARQL">GeoSPARQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Glacio-geological_databases" title="Glacio-geological databases">Glacio-geological databases</a></li>

<li><a href="Location_intelligence" title="Location intelligence">Location intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia database</a></li>

<li><a href="Nearest_neighbor_search" title="Nearest neighbor search">Nearest neighbor search</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-based_spatial_database" title="Object-based spatial database">Object-based spatial database</a></li>

<li><a href="Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">Simple Features</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_ETL" title="Spatial ETL">Spatial ETL</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatiotemporal_database" title="Spatiotemporal database">Spatiotemporal database</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "geodatabase" may also refer specifically to a set of proprietary spatial database formats, <a href="Geodatabase_(Esri)" title="Geodatabase (Esri)">Geodatabase (Esri)</a>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMcKee2016" class="citation web cs1">McKee, Lance (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengeospatial.org/ogc/historylong">"OGC History (detailed)"</a>. OGC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-12</span></span>. <q>[...] 1997 [...] OGC released the OpenGIS Simple Features Specification, which specifies the interface that enables diverse systems to communicate in terms of 'simple features' which are based on 2D geometry. The supported geometry types include points, lines, linestrings, curves, and polygons. Each geometric object is associated with a Spatial Reference System, which describes the coordinate space in which the geometric object is defined.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengeospatial.org">OGC Homepage</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Kresse2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kresse2012_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKresseDanko2010" class="citation book cs1">Kresse, Wolfgang; Danko, David M., eds. (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springerhandbook00kres"><i>Springer handbook of geographic information</i></a></span> (1. ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springerhandbook00kres/page/n109">82</a>–83. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783540726807</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-GISTBOK-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GISTBOK_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYueTan" class="citation web cs1">Yue, P.; Tan, Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gistbok.ucgis.org/bok-topics/relational-dbms-and-their-spatial-extensions">"DM-03 - Relational DBMS and their Spatial Extensions"</a>. <i>GIS&T Body of Knowledge</i>. UCGIS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-GISTBOK_indexing-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GISTBOK_indexing_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZhangDu" class="citation web cs1">Zhang, X.; Du, Z. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gistbok.ucgis.org/bok-topics/spatial-indexing">"DM-66 Spatial Indexing"</a>. <i>GIS&T Body of Knowledge</i>. UCGIS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGütingSchneider2005" class="citation book cs1">Güting, Ralf Hartmut; Schneider, Markus (2005). <i>Moving Objects Databases</i>. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 262. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780120887996</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postgis.net/docs/reference.html">"PostGIS Function Reference"</a>. <i>PostGIS Manual</i>. OSGeo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://drill.apache.org/docs/gis-functions/">[1]</a> Drill Geospatial Function Documentation</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/geo-queries.html">"Geo queries | Elasticsearch Guide [7.15] | Elastic"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h2database.com/html/datatypes.html#geometry_type">H2 geometry type documentation</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h2database.com/html/grammar.html#create_index">H2 create spatial index documentation</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gis-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gis_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monetdb.org/Documentation/Extensions/GIS">"GeoSpatial – MonetDB"</a>. 4 March 2014.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430004440/http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/gis-introduction.html">"MySQL 5.5 Reference Manual - 12.17.1. Introduction to MySQL Spatial Support"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/gis-introduction.html">the original</a> on 2013-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-01</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOpenLink_Software" class="citation web cs1">OpenLink Software. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.openlinksw.com/virtuoso/sqlrefgeospatial/">"9.34. Geometry Data Types and Spatial Index Support"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOpenLink_Software2018" class="citation web cs1">OpenLink Software (2018-10-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/virtuoso-blog/new-releases-of-virtuoso-enterprise-and-open-source-editions-a3b39d2a076">"New Releases of Virtuoso Enterprise and Open Source Editions"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ogc.org/resource/products/details/?pid=1591">"OGC Certified PostGIS"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redis.io/commands/#geo">"Command reference – Redis"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://help.sap.com/hana/sap_hana_spatial_reference_en.pdf">"SAP Help Portal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213221030/http://tarantool.org/doc/user_guide/RTREE.html">"RTREE"</a>. <i>tarantool.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarantool.org/doc/user_guide/RTREE.html#in-memory">the original</a> on 2014-12-13.</cite> </span>

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<li id="cite_note-verticaplace-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verticaplace_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saas.hpe.com/marketplace/haven/hp-vertica-place-720">"HP Vertica Place"</a>. 2 December 2015.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/neo4j-contrib/spatial">"Neo4j Spatial is a library of utilities for Neo4j that facilitates the enabling of spatial operations on data. In particular you can add spatial indexes to already located data, and perform spatial"</a>. <i><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. 2019-02-18.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rethinkdb.com/api/javascript/">"ReQL command reference - RethinkDB"</a>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spatial.cs.umn.edu/Book/">Spatial Databases: A Tour</a>, Shashi Shekhar and Sanjay Chawla, Prentice Hall, 2003 (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-13-017480-7</bdi>)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mkp.com/books/data-management">Spatial Databases – With Application to GIS</a> Philippe Rigaux, Michel Scholl and Agnes Voisard. <a href="Morgan_Kaufmann_Publishers" title="Morgan Kaufmann Publishers">Morgan Kaufmann Publishers</a>. 2002 (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55860-588-6</bdi>)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-09156-3_47">Evaluation of Data Management Systems for Geospatial Big Data</a> Pouria Amirian, Anahid Basiri and Adam Winstanley. Springer. 2014 (<a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783319091563</bdi>)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115105621/http://www.mapbender.org/presentations/Spatial_Data_Management_Arnulf_Christl/html/">An introduction to PostgreSQL PostGIS</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gisdevelopment.net/magazine/years/2006/jan/18_1.htm">PostgreSQL PostGIS as components in a Service Oriented Architecture</a> <a href="Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">SOA</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-69304-8_11">A Trigger Based Security Alarming Scheme for Moving Objects on Road Networks</a> Sajimon Abraham, P. Sojan Lal, Published by Springer Berlin / Heidelberg-2008.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/What_is_a_geodatabase/003n00000001000000/">geodatabase</a> ArcGIS Resource Center description of a geodatabase</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302053#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata722" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302053#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata722" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4232580-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2004001246">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007542376405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/4502ce7e-6e33-4702-923c-ca9747b1a48f">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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